FAQs

Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the Court. Explanation 1.—Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document. Explanation 2.—Where a document is executed in counterpart, each counterpart being executed by one or some of the parties only, each counterpart is primary evidence […]

The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence.

Oral evidence shall, in all cases whatever, be direct; if it refers to, (i) a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it; (ii) a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it; (iii) a

All facts, except the contents of documents may be proved by oral evidence.

No fact needs to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted

(1) The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely: (a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial operation; (b) international treaty, agreement or convention with country or countries by India, or decisions made by India at international associations or other bodies; (c) the course of proceeding

No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved.

In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which he ought to receive, is relevant. Explanation.—In this section and sections 46, 47 and 49, the word “character” includes both reputation and disposition; but, except as provided in section 49, evidence may be given

In criminal proceedings, the fact that the accused has a bad character, is irrelevant, unless evidence has been given that he has a good character, in which case it becomes relevant. Explanation 1.—This section does not apply to cases in which the bad character of any person is itself a fact in issue. Explanation 2.—A

n a prosecution for an offence under section 64, section 65, section 66, section 67, section 68, section 69, section 70, section 71, section 74, section 75, section 76, section 77 or section 78 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 or for attempt to commit any such offence, where the question of consent is in